Ukuvela Kwezihlalo Zasekhaya Lokunakekela e-China

Nokho, i-Zeitner iphawula ukuthi abesifazane manje babuyela ekhaya sebebadala kakhulu futhi bangase babe nokukhubazeka ngokomzimba kunanini ngaphambili, kodwa izisebenzi zikulungele ukubasiza. I-Easton Home inesikhungo sokunakekelwa kwezempilo esinabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe ngokugcwele, esiholwa nguMary Linton, osesebenze nohulumeni iminyaka engama-21.

Ecebile emlandweni, i-Easton Home ayilona ikhaya lasebekhulile noma indlela yokugcina yabesifazane abangenakho ukukhetha. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule ekhaya, ukucwaswa kwakuyinto yokugcina kwabesifazane ababengenayo enye indawo abangaya kuyo.

Iningi lamakhaya asebekhulile laliqhutshwa uhulumeni, omasipala, ohulumeni basekhaya noma amaqoqo. Umkhakha wokunakekelwa kwamaShayina ubhekane nokukhula okukhulu eminyakeni emithathu kuya kwemine edlule, kusukela ekunakekelweni kwasekhaya kuya emiphakathini yasebethathe umhlalaphansi. Isibonelo esisodwa inethiwekhi yezikhungo zesevisi ezingaphezu kuka-200 ezisungulwe kulo lonke elaseShanghai.

Uhlaka lwaseShayina lohlelo lokunakekela lwesikhathi eside olunezigaba ezintathu lugcizelela ngokufanelekile izinsiza zasekhaya nezasemphakathini. Usizo lwezobuchwepheshe lubonakala luhambisana nokwanda kanye nokusetshenziswa kahle kwezisebenzi zokunakekela. Lapho abantu bethola ukuthi ukwelashwa kuyahlolwa futhi kukhokhwe lapho kudingeka, kubashaqisa.

Lapha e-UK, abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi usizo lwezenhlalakahle lufana ne-NHS futhi luzokhululeka uma luludinga. Usizo lomphakathi luhlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zosizo lomuntu siqu nezinye izinhlobo zosizo olungokoqobo lwabantu abadala abadinga ukwesekwa okwengeziwe. Kuwo womabili la mazinga kazwelonke nawezifundazwe, uhulumeni useqalise ukwanda okukhulu kwezinsizakalo zokunakekela ukuze kusekelwe ukunakekelwa kwemindeni nokusiza abantu ukuthi bahlale ezindlini zabo.

Nakuba izinsiza zasekhaya nezasesidlangalaleni zikhethwa abantu abaningi baseShayina abasezikhundleni eziphezulu nabaxhaswe uhulumeni, izinsizakalo ezinjalo zihlala zisabalele emadolobheni amaningi nasemadolobheni amaningi e-China futhi azikho neze ezindaweni zasemaphandleni. Izinkampani eziningana zase-US kanye nezinkampani ezizimele ezizimele zisanda kuzama ukutshala imali ezindlini zokuthatha umhlalaphansi zesitayela saseNtshonalanga e-China.42,43 Nokho, kunezithiyo eziningi zokuphumelela, kuhlanganise ne-niche yemakethe engenakwenzeka (abaningi abatshalizimali bafuna izakhiwo ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezimbalwa. AmaShayina amadala angacabanga.) vumela), ukungahambisani kwamasiko (ukunakekelwa kwesitayela saseNtshonalanga namasevisi angase angafani nemikhuba yabathengi bendawo noma okuthandwayo), kanye nendawo yokulawula engaqinisekile.

UGuo Xiaofei ukholelwa ukuthi ifenisha yokunakekela asebekhulile e-China okwamanje isesimweni sokuthuthuka futhi ayinakunakwa nokuqonda. Kwamanye amakhaya amakhulu asebekhulile, impahla ethambile isetshenziswa kancane kakhulu, kuyilapho impahla yensimbi ibalulwa njengeningi. Izinkampani ezihlala abantu zenza ifenisha eyahlukene njengamatafula okudlela, izibuko, amatafula ekhofi, amadeski namabhodi aseceleni.

Abantu abahlezi emacansini banamathuba amaningi okuthi balale ecansini, njengoba ne-sun lounger ivame ukulala embhedeni. Ngaphambi kokuba kuvele izihlalo, iningi lamaShayina lalihlala phansi ukuze lilale. Ngokuvamile, abantu abavamile banefenisha encane futhi bangahlala kunoma yini: amabhentshi, amabhakede, noma phansi.

Phakathi nezizukulwane ezimbili ezalandela (Ingoma YaseNyakatho neNgoma YaseNingizimu), ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zefenisha, kuhlanganise nezihlalo, amabhentshi nezihlalo, kwakuyinto evamile kuwo wonke umphakathi waseShayina. Kwavela imiklamo emisha futhi eyinkimbinkimbi, efana nemihlane eyindilinga ebunjwe emzimbeni, nakuba ekuqaleni ifenisha enjalo yayisetshenziswa kuphela izikhulu namaShayina asezingeni eliphezulu, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ifenisha enjalo yasakazekela ezindlini zanoma ubani owayengakwazi ukuyikhokhela. Ifenisha yasekhaya yamaShayina, ngaphandle kwefenisha yaseNtshonalanga, iye yashintsha yaba izinhlobo eziningi ezifanayo, okuhlanganisa izihlalo, amatafula, izihlalo, amawodilobhu, amawodilobhu, imibhede, nosofa. Izihlalo ezenziwe ngokhuni zaqala ukuvela emidwebeni yaseShayina cishe ngekhulu le-10.

Izihlalo ezikhona zalesi sitayela akuzona ezangaphambi kwe-Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), kodwa kubonakala sengathi kunemisebenzi yobuciko yekhulu le-10 e-China ebonisa ukuma kwalesi sihlalo. Isitayela sakudala sefenisha yaseShayina saqala e-Southern and Northern Song Dynasty (960-1279). Ifenisha manje ethathwa njengeChina ingalandelelwa emuva kuBukhosi BamaTang (618-907). Ifenisha yaseShayina yayidlangile ngesikhathi seMing neQing Dynasties; ngakho-ke, ifenisha yesitayela se-Ming ne-Qing yaba ifenisha evamile yamaShayina abantu abavame ukuyibona namuhla.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izimo eziyisisekelo ezakhiwe oBukhosini be-Ming zisabonakala ngaphansi kwemihlobiso eyinkimbinkimbi esetshenziswa efenisha yoBukhosi buka-Qing. Ifenisha ye-Ming Dynasty iyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kwezinkuni zaseShayina. Lesi yisikhathi sokuqala emlandweni waseShayina ukuthi umklamo wefenisha ubuye ubonise umsebenzi wawo.

I-aesthetics ethokozisayo nencazelo engokomfanekiso yefenisha ye-Ming yasiza ukukhuthaza isitayela samaShayina ekuhlobiseni kwasekhaya kwesimanje. Ukuthatha ifenisha kuMing Dynasty njengesibonelo, uphawu lobuciko luhlanganisa ifilosofi yesiko lasendulo lamaShayina. Akulona ihaba ukusho ukuthi ngaphandle kwethonya lomklamo wamaShayina, ifenisha yakudala yaseNtshonalanga ngeke ibe yilokho eyikho manje.

Ifenisha yamaShayina yakudala imvamisa ibhekisa enanini elikhulu lezinto ezenziwe ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwa-Ming ne-Qing, kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-14 kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Kuhlanganisa amatafula, amawodilophu, izihlalo, izihlalo kanye namafreyimu embhede, kanye nenye ifenisha esetshenziswa ekhaya.

Ifenisha nezinto zakudala zihlanganisa imidwebo emihle emidala, osofa nezihlalo, izinhlobonhlobo zekristalu ebabazekayo, i-china, izibani zethusi nezindwangu ezifekethisiwe. Uma useShayina, khona-ke kukhona iNational Museum of China eBeijing, eneqoqo elikhulu lefenisha evela kumakhosi akwaMing namaQing. Funda ngomlando omangalisayo wefenisha yamaShayina emidwebeni yobuciko evela ebukhosini bakwa-Ming no-Qing ubonisa izikhala zangaphakathi ezimangalisayo, kusho uchwepheshe.

Ungesabi Ukushibilika Ngaphansi Kwefenisha Njengoba ifenisha yaseShayina ibisetshenziswa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, kungenzeka ukuthi ngisho nezinto eziyisibonelo kakhulu ziye zavuselelwa. Ulwazi lokuthi ifenisha yenziwa kanjani. Ifenisha yaseShayina ngokuvamile yenziwa ngaphandle kweglue noma izipikili - izakhi zayo zibanjwe ndawonye yinethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yokuxhumana. Ukwakhiwa kwefenisha yokhuni yendabuko yaseShayina ngokuyinhloko kusekelwe ezingxenyeni zokhuni eziqinile, ezixhunywe kuphela ngama-joinery seams futhi akuvamile nge-glue noma izipikili zensimbi.

Kodwa ngenxa yokuthi umsebenzi oshibhile waseShayina wenza ukubaza kube nokusebenza, lolu hlobo lwefenisha lusize ukuqhubekisela phambili impumelelo yenkampani. Ukususwa kokuvinjelwa kohwebo lwasolwandle e-Ming Dynasty kwavumela ukuhlinzekwa kwezinkuni eziqinile njenge-huanghuali.

Yayaziwa nangokuthi "isihlalo sesibani" ngoba ukuma kwayo kufana kakhulu nesakhiwo sezitebhisi esasisetshenziswa ngokomlando, ukuqagela, ukulenga izibani ekhaya lamaShayina. Izihlalo zamaShayina azigcini nje ngokungeza ubuhle egumbini lakho lokuphumula, kodwa futhi zixoxa indaba enhle ngomlando waseShayina nomlando wokuhlala. Emakhulwini eminyaka, izihlalo zaseShayina ziye zathakazelisa kokubili abaklami nabaqoqi bezobuciko.

Wonke amasu ahlukene ahlukene e-lacquer yaseShayina angatholakala efenisha futhi atholakale kakhulu emphakathini futhi asetshenziswa kabanzi kusukela kuMing Dynasty. Encwadini yakhe, uthi izihlalo ezilingana nobuhle ne-enemas azizange zivele eminyakeni engaphezu kwe-2,000, kuze kube yinkathi yegolide yezihlalo ngekhulu le-18, lapho ikhono lokudala kanye nokuhweba komhlaba kukhiqiza izinto ezihlotshisiwe. njengesihlalo sobukhosi saseFrance Louis XV kanye nefenisha enemilenze ye-cabriole yamaShayina / yesiNgisi.